Epidemiological reports on vector-borne diseases affecting cattle in the Philippines have been limited. The present study aimed to detect the presence of the Hemoplasma pathogen (Mycoplasma spp.) in dispersal cattle in selected plainlands and marginal uplands in Cebu, Philippines, using peripheral blood smear examination (PBSE) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. A total of 14 cattle were tested. Using PBSE, no inclusion bodies were observed. However, using PCR, 4 out of 14 cattle showed positive results. Results indicate the high sensitivity of the PCR methods in detecting Mycoplasma spp. than that of the PBSE. The present study adds new information on the biodiversity of vector-borne pathogens in cattle in Cebu, Philippines, and is the first report of detection in the country.

This experiment was done to determine the effect of swimming deprivation on drinking behaviour, feather pecking behavior, feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, live body weight, slaughter weight, carcass weight and dressing percentage, serum corticosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) of Muscovy ducks. Two groups were used; the first one is the control group fed on basal diet with free access to swimming pond, and the second fed on basal diet without access to swimming pond. The previous parameters were recorded daily or weekly during the experiment or after slaughtering for collecting blood parameters. The results explained that, there was an insignificant decrease in drinking behavior and significant increase in feather pecking. However, there was an insignificant decrease in feed consumption, live body weight, feed conversion, weight gain, dressing percentage, liver weight and serum corticosterone level. There was an insignificant decrease in T3 and T4 level and significant increase in feather pecking behaviour. It could be concluded that, swimming deprivation at the end of the fattening period of ducks had an adverse effect on some duck behaviors but it have no significant effect on improvement of performance parameters and carcass characters.

This study aimed to find out the morpho-functional correlations of supra-branchial gaseous chambers (SC) and gas bladder (GB) in Clarias gariepinus. Gross, and Histological observations were made on ten different ontogenetic stages ranged from 10 mm SL (Standard length) to 100 mm SL, and mature fish 330 mm-333 mm SL. Computed tomography (CT) was performed on five mature fishes at 130 K Volt and 80 Ma, different CT windows were adjusted as follows: Soft tissue (WL: 40, WW: 300), Bone (2000: 400), and Air-chambers (-600:1200). Each SC lodged mid-constricted membranous sac, communicated to gill cavity via single opening. The GB was an oval sac surrounded by incomplete bony capsule, it touched the skin laterally, otic capsule medially and SC anteriorly. The SC membrane was three layered with a gill like mucosa (respiratory mucosa); GB has an inner layer of simple squamous epithelium and an outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue. Collectively, the larval stages were adult like, but differ in proportions; in stages from 10 to 26 mm, SC adventitia was ill defined or absent and SC musculosa was well developed relatively to the total thickness of the membrane. In CT images, there was a clear communication between the otic capsule and GB at the level of anterior-medial fissures of complex vertebra; disc–shaped fat pads appeared as hypodense bilateral areas dorso-medial to GB and caudo-posterior to SC. Results Concluded that GB and SC had an accessory auditory role related to their anatomical structure, position and communications.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay was used for detection of Theileria annulata infection in field samples from both cattle and buffaloes. These samples were collected from three governorates in Upper Egypt that include Assiut, EL-Fayoum and EL-wady EL-Gaded governorates. Reverse Line Blot (RLB) assay was used as a reference test for evaluation of LAMP assay efficacy in the diagnosis of bovine theileriosis. The obtained results revealed that according to the results of LAMP assay the infection rates were 65.24% and 43.24% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively. The evaluation study of LAMP test revealed high sensitivity in cattle (78.10%) if compared with buffaloes (47.37%). Specificity was higher in buffaloes (61.11%) if compared with cattle (57.53%). This study concluded that the LAMP assay was sensitive and specific assay in diagnosis of Theileria annulata infection. So, it is recommended to use LAMP assay, especially during molecular epidemiological surveys, which should be applied on a wide range because it will give a clear picture about the epidemiology of the disease, which helps in its prevention and control.

A total of seventy (70) sheep and goats, suffering from dystocia were included in this retrospective study. At the time of presentation 28.57% of the animals were recumbent. More than half (54.29%) of the total cases were referred after unsuccessful handling. Significantly highest prevalence was recorded in sheep during first lambing, in winter season and in the dams carrying male fetuses (p = 0.05). The average weight of male and female fetuses was 3.14 and 2.75 kg respectively. Foetal dystocia (54.29%) out-numbered maternal causes (37.14%). Both maternal and fetal causes accounted for 8.57% of the dystocia. Head deviation, fore limb flexion, breech presentation, dog sitting position and fetal monstrosities were the common fetal causes. Ring womb, the most common maternal cause of dystocia could be treated by hormones in 33.33% (5/15) cases. Fetuses could be delivered by obstetrical mutation and extraction method in 51.43% (36/70) animals and by caesarean section in the remaining cases. Fetal and dam survival was 23.08% and 94.29% respectively. The average total cost for relieving dystocia in small ruminants by obstetrical mutation and by caesarean (including cost of suture and anaesthesia) was Rs. 215.00 and 570.00 respectively. From this study, it is concluded that in order to obtain high fetal and dam survival and also to reduce the cost of treatment, sheep and goats with dystocia should be presented without undue delay.

The adverse effects of organophosphate dimethoate on testis morphology, luteinizing hormone (LH) cells structure and hormonal assay of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were examined. Adult male tilapia, average body weight 150.0±23.3 g, were exposed to environmentally relevant (0.03 mg/L-1) and sublethal (5.00 mg/L-1) doses of dimethoate for 15 and 30 days. Fish exposed to 0.03 mg/L-1 dimethoate exhibited significant decrease in the serum LH. While, 5.00 mg/L-1 dimethoate revealed significant increase in serum LH. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) displayed significant increase in 5.00 mg/L-1group exposed for 15 days. However, a significant reduction was observed in 0.03 mg/L-1group exposed for 30 days. Histological structure of the testes of the control tilapia showed numerous spermatogenic cysts; lumina filled with spermatozoa and little interstitial tissue. Fish exposed to dimethoate for 15 days showed scarcely spermatozoa, narrow seminiferous tubules and increase in the interstitial connective tissue. After 30 days, 5.00 mg/L-1 exposed fish showed progressive reduction of spermatozoa, empty tubules and a degenerative cell debris in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. Immunohistochemically, the LH cells were localised in proximal parse distalis of the tilapia adenohypophysis. LH cells were isolated, clustered or formed cord of cells surrounding the neurohypophyseal branches. In dimethoate exposed fish, LH cells displayed a reduction in size and mass distribution in the adenohypophysis. The cytoplasm of the LH cells were vacuolated and showing the sings of degeneration. The changes appeared in testicular structures and LH cells of the O. niloticus were in a dose and time-dependent manner. Based on these observations, sublethal or environmentally relevant concentrations of dimethoate exhibited an endocrine disruptive action at pituitary-testicular axis of Nile tilapia that might lower its reproductive potential.

A metabolism trial was conducted after 45 days of feeding using twelve graded Murrah buffalo bulls (301.96 ± 6.98 kg) to study the effect of incorporation of red chili cap powder (RCP) in the concentrate mixture on intake and digestibility of nutrients. The buffalo bulls in the control group were fed a basal diet comprising of 5 kg chopped green fodder, 4 kg paddy straw and 1.5 kg concentrate mixture while those in treatment group were fed the same basal diet except that 25 per cent of protein supplied by de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in the concentrate mixture is replaced with RCP. The DMI (kg / 100 kg BW) was similar between the two groups. The average digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cellulose and hemi-cellulose decreased (P>0.05) with incorporation of RCP in the concentrate mixture of buffalo bulls as compared with the control. The % DCP and TDN contents decreased (P>0.05) with incorporation of RCP in the concentrate mixture as compared to the control. It can be concluded that RCP could replaced about 25 per cent of the protein supplied by DORB in the concentrate mixture of graded Murrah buffalo bulls for maintenance without any adverse effects.

Sarcoptes scabiei var canis infest different dog breeds and human. Three hundred ninety five dogs were clinically and parasitologically examined for the detection of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. Twenty four infested dogs were classified into three groups (8 dogs per group), each group was treated separately with ivermectin oral tablets (Ivactin®) or selamectin pour on(Revolution®) or doramectin injection (Dectomax®). The prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis in totally examined dogs was 6.08%. The prevalence was highest in German Shepherd dogs and lowest in St. Bernard dogs. Three acaricides have the same successful treatment rate (100%) at the fourth weeks post treatment. It could be concluded that ivermectin tablets is the cheapest and easiest to administer and more preferable to be used for treatment of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis infested dogs.

The present study aimed to explain the role of additives in alleviation of the negative effect of heat stress on differential leucocytes count, heterophil / lymphocytic ratio with especial studies on the microbial count of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum. A total of 270 day-old (Ross308) broiler chickens randomly divided into 6 groups, which were kept under elevated temperature (34-36?C) and feed diet containing 1% Nigella Sativa (G2) or a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride (0.3% KCL+ 0.5% NaHCO3) (G3) or 2% coriander seed (G4) or 0.03% Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) (G5) or 250 mg of Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (G6) for 6 weeks. The previous parameters were recorded after slaughtering to take microbial sample and collecting blood parameters. The results explained that, there was a significant increase lymphocyte percentage in case of G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6. while, there was significant decreases in Heterophil percentage, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), eosinophils percentage, monocytes percentage, jejunum total colony count and caecum total colony in case of (G2, G3, G4, G5), (G6, G2, G3, G4, G5), (G6, G3), (G5; G2), (G3; G2) and (G2, G4) respectively in compared with control group (P<0.05). It could be concluded that black seed and coriander seed have a positive effect on heat stress broiler diet.